What is Periodontal Disease?

Periodontal disease, commonly known as gum disease, is a serious infection that affects the gums and the supporting structures of the teeth. It occurs due to the accumulation of plaque and bacteria, leading to inflammation, gum recession, and even tooth loss if left untreated. Periodontal disease is one of the leading causes of tooth loss in adults and is linked to various systemic health issues, including heart disease and diabetes.

Stages of Periodontal Disease

Periodontal disease progresses in stages, starting with mild inflammation and potentially leading to severe infection:

1. Gingivitis (Early Stage)

✔ Caused by plaque buildup at the gumline.
✔ Symptoms include red, swollen, or bleeding gums, especially when brushing or flossing.
✔ Reversible with proper oral hygiene and professional cleanings.

2. Periodontitis (Advanced Stage)

✔ If untreated, gingivitis progresses to periodontitis, where gums pull away from the teeth, forming pockets that trap bacteria.
✔ Leads to bone and tissue loss, making teeth loose.
✔ Not fully reversible, but it can be managed with professional treatment.

Causes and Risk Factors

Several factors contribute to the development of periodontal disease:

Poor Oral Hygiene – Inadequate brushing and flossing allow plaque to build up.
Smoking & Tobacco Use – Weakens the immune system, making gum disease more severe.
Diabetes – Increased blood sugar affects the body’s ability to fight infections.
Genetics – Some people are more genetically prone to gum disease.
Hormonal Changes – Pregnancy, puberty, and menopause can make gums more sensitive.
Stress – Weakens the immune system, reducing the body’s ability to fight gum infections.
Medications – Certain drugs (e.g., antidepressants, antihypertensives) reduce saliva flow, increasing bacterial growth.

Symptoms of Periodontal Disease

Look out for these warning signs:

✔ Swollen, red, or tender gums
✔ Bleeding while brushing or flossing
✔ Receding gums (longer-looking teeth)
✔ Persistent bad breath (halitosis)
✔ Loose or shifting teeth
✔ Pain when chewing
✔ Pus around the gums and teeth

Treatment Options

The treatment of periodontal disease depends on its severity:

✔ Professional Cleaning (Scaling & Root Planing) – Removes plaque and tartar below the gumline.
✔ Antibiotic Therapy – Helps control infection.
✔ Surgical Treatments – Includes flap surgery or bone grafting for severe cases.
✔ Lifestyle Changes – Quitting smoking and improving oral hygiene habits.

Prevention: How to Keep Your Gums Healthy

✅ Brush twice a day with fluoride toothpaste.
✅ Floss daily to remove plaque between teeth.
✅ Use an antibacterial mouthwash to reduce bacteria.
✅ Visit your dentist every 6 months for check-ups and cleanings.
✅ Quit smoking to reduce the risk of severe gum disease.
✅ Maintain a healthy diet to support gum health.